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Related Concept Videos

The Looking Glass Self01:28

The Looking Glass Self

The concept of the looking-glass self describes how an individual's self-concept is shaped by their perception of how others see them. This psychological theory, first introduced by sociologist Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, posits that self-identity emerges in a social context and is influenced by the judgments—real or imagined—of others.Research suggests that individuals frequently overestimate how positively others perceive them. This is particularly evident in physical self-perception,...
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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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The self is a central aspect of human identity, encompassing an individual’s beliefs, emotions, perceptions, and experiences. It is a cognitive and psychological construct that enables individuals to interpret their traits and behaviors, influencing how they perceive themselves and interact with the world. While personality consists of stable and enduring characteristics, the self is shaped by self-perception and social experiences. This distinction highlights the dynamic nature of the self,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
04:51

A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae

Published on: July 8, 2025

Seeing yourself helps you see others.

Yuan Hang Li1, Nim Tottenham

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|May 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Priming self-face representations enhances facial emotion interpretation. This involves increased face exploration, faster processing, and greater emotional distance, linking self-perception to understanding others' emotions.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Self-face representations are hypothesized to play a role in interpreting others' facial emotions.
  • Understanding the neural and cognitive mechanisms linking self-perception to social cognition is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of self-face representation priming on facial emotion processing.
  • To determine if activating self-face representations affects visual attention, processing speed, and emotional perception of facial expressions.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: Experimental priming of self-face representations, followed by eye-tracking and a facial emotion discrimination task.
  • Study 2: Emotion ratings comparing self and non-self groups after self-face priming.

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Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care

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Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

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Main Results:

  • Priming self-face representations led to increased visual exploration of faces.
  • Facial expression processing speed was facilitated by self-face priming.
  • Emotional distance between expressions was enhanced, suggesting altered perception.

Conclusions:

  • The ability to interpret others' facial emotions is closely linked to one's own self-face representations.
  • Self-face representations dynamically influence social perception, impacting how emotional expressions are processed and understood.