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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Ttf1 gene-expression in human proliferating thyroid-diseases.

E Perlino1, S Maenza, E Marra

  • 1UNIV BARI,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,BARI,ITALY. UNIV BARI,INST MED ENDOCRINOL & METAB DIS,BARI,ITALY. GB MORGAGNI L PIERANTONI HOSP,DIV GEN SURG,FORLI,ITALY.

Oncology Reports
|May 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) mRNA levels significantly decrease in thyroid carcinomas and adenomas. Multinodular goiters showed variable TTF1 mRNA expression not clearly linked to the disease state.

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) is a key regulator of thyroid gland development and function.
  • Altered gene expression is implicated in various thyroid proliferative diseases.
  • Understanding TTF1 mRNA levels can provide insights into thyroid pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate TTF1 mRNA expression levels in different types of thyroid proliferating diseases.
  • To compare TTF1 mRNA levels in malignant and non-malignant thyroid conditions with normal thyroid tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Northern blot analysis was used to quantify TTF1 mRNA expression.
  • Samples were obtained from 30 patients with thyroid proliferating diseases (carcinomas, adenomas, multinodular goiters) and 4 healthy donors.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in TTF1 mRNA steady-state levels was observed in thyroid carcinomas and adenomas compared to normal thyroid tissues.
  • Patients with multinodular goiters exhibited variable TTF1 mRNA expression, with no clear association to the pathological condition.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced TTF1 mRNA expression is a potential molecular marker for thyroid carcinomas and adenomas.
  • TTF1 mRNA levels do not appear to be consistently altered in multinodular goiters.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the role of TTF1 in thyroid nodular diseases.