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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Prosopagnosia01:24

Prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading
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Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Published on: October 18, 2018

Reading difficulty after stroke: ocular and non ocular causes.

Fiona Rowe1, David Wright, Darren Brand

  • 1Orthoptics and vision science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. rowef@liverpool.ac.uk

International Journal of Stroke : Official Journal of the International Stroke Society
|May 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reading difficulties after stroke are often due to visual impairments like field loss or eye movement issues. A smaller percentage have non-visual causes, but all patients with visual impairment can receive targeted advice or treatment.

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Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum
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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading
05:54

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Published on: October 18, 2018

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum
07:30

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

Published on: March 21, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Reading impairment post-stroke can stem from ocular issues such as visual field loss, eye movement abnormalities, and reduced central vision.
  • Non-ocular factors contributing to reading difficulties include cognitive deficits and language impairments like aphasia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of ocular and non-ocular causes of reading difficulty in patients referred for suspected visual impairment after stroke.
  • To identify specific visual and non-visual factors contributing to reading impairment in a post-stroke population.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, multicenter observational study involving 21 sites with standardized referral and assessment protocols.
  • Comprehensive visual assessments included visual acuity, visual fields, ocular alignment, eye movements, and visual inattention.
  • Ethical approval and informed patient consent were obtained for all participants.

Main Results:

  • Out of 915 recruited patients, 19.3% (177) reported reading difficulties.
  • Ocular causes were prevalent, including visual field loss (109 patients), eye movement abnormalities (85), low vision (27), and visual perceptual impairment (39).
  • Aphasia (15 patients) and alexia (8 patients) were identified as non-ocular causes; 87 patients had multiple ocular diagnoses.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of reading difficulties in stroke patients are attributable to visual impairments, primarily low vision, eye movement disorders, and visual field deficits.
  • Non-ocular factors, such as aphasia and alexia, account for a smaller proportion of reading impairments.
  • All identified visual impairments were amenable to targeted treatments or management strategies.