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Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...

Birth Control Methods

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Published on: October 25, 2024

[Fertility preservation in prepubertal children].

Catherine Poirot¹, Benoît Schubert

¹Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, unité fonctionnelle de biologie de la reproduction, 83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France. catherine.poirot@psl.aphp.fr

Bulletin Du Cancer

|May 26, 2011

Summary

Fertility preservation techniques like ovarian tissue and immature gamete cryopreservation are crucial for children undergoing gonadotoxic therapies. These methods offer hope for future fertility, though advancements are ongoing for both sexes.

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Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Published on: October 25, 2024

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

Area of Science:

Reproductive medicine
Oncofertility
Pediatric endocrinology

Context:

Childhood gonadotoxic therapies pose risks to future fertility.
Fertility preservation discussions are essential before treatment.
Cryopreservation of immature gametes is a key strategy for both sexes.

Purpose:

To review current fertility preservation options for prepubertal children.
To highlight the status and potential of ovarian tissue and testicular tissue cryopreservation.
To discuss the future prospects of in vitro gamete maturation.

Summary:

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is the sole option for prepubertal girls, with successful births reported in adults post-transplantation.
While promising, restoring fertility from cryopreserved prepubertal ovarian tissue is not yet established.
For boys, cryopreservation of testicular tissue and spermatogonial stem cells is experimental, with animal data showing success but human application pending.

Impact:

Advances in fertility preservation offer hope for young cancer patients.
Potential for future fertility restoration in survivors of childhood cancer.
Encourages further research into in vitro maturation and tissue grafting techniques.