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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates
12:47

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Published on: March 20, 2014

Sustained neuronal activity generated by glial plasticity.

Tiina M Pirttimaki1, Stephen D Hall, H Rheinallt Parri

  • 1School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|May 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Astrocytes release glutamate, causing long-lasting neuronal excitation via NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs). This previously unknown plasticity enhances neural circuit activity after stimulus offset.

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Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates
12:47

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Published on: March 20, 2014

Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo
10:19

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Published on: March 31, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Astrocytes modulate neuronal activity through gliotransmitter release, including glutamate.
  • Astrocytic glutamate release can evoke NMDA receptor (NMDA-R)-mediated slow inward currents (SICs) in neurons.
  • The mechanisms and physiological significance of astrocytic glutamate release and SICs remain largely unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors influencing the emergence of astrocytic glutamate release-mediated SICs.
  • To elucidate the physiological roles of these SICs in neuronal function.
  • To characterize this novel form of neural plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Acute slices of rat somatosensory thalamus were used.
  • Lemniscal and cortical afferent stimulation was applied.
  • Electrophysiological recordings were performed to measure SICs in thalamocortical (TC) neurons.
  • Pharmacological manipulations targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors and intracellular calcium were employed.

Main Results:

  • Stimulation induced a sustained, hour-long increase in SICs in TC neurons.
  • This enhancement was mediated by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and astrocytic intracellular calcium.
  • SICs involved extrasynaptic NR2B-containing NMDA-Rs and elicited synchronized neuronal bursts.
  • These bursts were distinct from T-type Ca(2+) channel-dependent action potentials.

Conclusions:

  • A novel form of excitatory, nonsynaptic plasticity was identified in the central nervous system.
  • Astrocytic glutamate release can induce long-lasting neuronal excitability and synchronized firing.
  • This plasticity mechanism contributes to feed-forward excitation in neural circuits post-stimulus.