Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identification of functional genetic components modulating toxicity response to PFOS using genome-wide CRISPR screens in HepG2/C3A cells.

Archives of toxicology·2026
Same author

Identification of Functional Genetic Components Modulating Toxicity Response to PFOS using Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in HepG2/C3A cells.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Toxicophore-informed machine learning integrating Tox21 assay readouts for organ system-specific carcinogenicity prediction.

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)·2025
Same author

Genome-wide CRISPR Screen Reveal Targets of Chiral Gold(I) Anticancer Compound in Mammalian Cells.

ACS omega·2022
Same author

Identifying Toxicity Mechanisms Associated with Early Lanthanide Exposure through Multidimensional Genome-Wide Screening.

ACS omega·2022
Same author

Sex is a major effect modifier between body composition and mortality in patients with cirrhosis assessed for liver transplantation.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster
07:02

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: March 24, 2023

Functional toxicogenomics: mechanism-centered toxicology.

Matthew North1, Chris D Vulpe

  • 1Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Traditional animal toxicity testing is insufficient for the vast number of environmental compounds. Functional toxicogenomics offers a mechanism-centered approach to identify toxicity pathways, advancing molecular toxicology for modern needs.

Keywords:
barcodingfunctional toxicogenomicstoxicity pathwaystoxicity testingyeast

More Related Videos

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
08:09

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 7, 2014

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans
09:01

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 14, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster
07:02

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: March 24, 2023

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
08:09

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 7, 2014

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans
09:01

A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Genomics
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Traditional animal toxicity testing methods are slow, costly, and limited in scope.
  • Existing methods cannot address the growing number of environmental compounds lacking toxicity data.
  • Current high-throughput testing is hindered by incomplete understanding of toxicity pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore functional toxicogenomics as a method for identifying toxicity pathways.
  • To propose an integrated approach combining pathway identification and targeted assays.
  • To advance molecular toxicology for 21st-century challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing functional toxicogenomics to study gene function in response to compound exposure.
  • Identifying essential cellular components and pathways involved in toxicity.
  • Developing mechanism-centered, targeted assays.

Main Results:

  • Functional toxicogenomics can elucidate the biological basis of compound toxicity.
  • Key cellular pathways involved in toxicity response can be identified.
  • This approach supports the development of more effective toxicity testing.

Conclusions:

  • Functional toxicogenomics is crucial for understanding toxicity mechanisms.
  • An integrated strategy of pathway discovery and targeted assays is proposed.
  • This approach enhances molecular toxicology to meet current testing demands.