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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid hormone action in metabolic regulation.

Yiyun Song1, Xuan Yao, Hao Ying

  • 1Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Protein & Cell
|May 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone action, mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), is crucial for metabolism and development. Recent research clarifies molecular mechanisms and highlights future directions for understanding TRs

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone is essential for growth, differentiation, development, and metabolic homeostasis.
  • Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) regulate gene expression, influencing various physiological processes.
  • TR transcriptional activity is complex, modulated by isoforms, response elements, partners, coregulators, and cellular localization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action.
  • To highlight the role of TRs in metabolic regulation.
  • To discuss future perspectives and challenges in thyroid hormone research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human subject research.
  • Application of thyroid hormone mimetics.
  • Analysis of TR isoform-specific knock-in mouse models.
  • Mitochondrial studies related to thyroid hormone action.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have elucidated intricate molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action.
  • TRs play a significant role in metabolic regulation through diverse pathways.
  • Mitochondrial function is a key area influenced by thyroid hormone.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding thyroid hormone action requires considering multiple regulatory factors.
  • Further research is needed to address current challenges and advance knowledge in thyroid hormone metabolism.
  • Future studies should focus on integrating findings from various research approaches.