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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection

A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection

Published on: March 8, 2017

Intracochlear drug delivery systems.

Jeffrey T Borenstein¹

¹Biomedical Engineering Center, Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States. jborenstein@draper.com

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

|May 28, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microfluidic drug delivery systems offer promising new ways to treat inner ear diseases by enabling direct intracochlear delivery. These advanced systems aim to restore hearing by delivering regenerative compounds safely and effectively.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection

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Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Published on: March 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Otolaryngology
Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

Advances in molecular biology offer new treatment avenues for sensorineural hearing loss.
The cochlea presents significant challenges for conventional drug therapy.
Microfluidic technologies are emerging as a solution for direct intracochlear drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current intracochlear drug delivery systems under development.
To discuss the integration of these systems with therapeutic compounds for inner ear diseases.

Main Methods:

Review of passive (osmotic pumps) and active (microfluidic devices) intracochlear delivery systems.
Examination of systems combined with existing devices like cochlear implants.

Main Results:

Microfluidic systems show promise for direct and extended intracochlear delivery.
Integration with therapeutic compounds is key for treating auditory diseases.

Conclusions:

Microscale delivery devices are essential for safe and effective auditory disease treatment.
Miniaturization and functional integration (drug storage, delivery, power, sensing) are critical for advanced delivery.
Closed-loop control and timed-sequence delivery will enable precise therapeutic interventions.