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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Thyroid-associated paragangliomas.

Roy Phitayakorn1, William Faquin, Nancy Wei

  • 1Department of Surgery, The Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. rphitayakorn@partners.org

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|May 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid-associated paragangliomas are rare tumors that mimic thyroid cancer. Immunohistochemical markers and careful surgical planning are key for diagnosis and treatment of these hypervascular nodules.

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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Paragangliomas in the thyroid region are rare and challenging to diagnose.
  • They can mimic follicular and c-cell derived thyroid tumors.

Observation:

  • Preoperative diagnosis is difficult due to overlapping cytologic and histologic features with primary thyroid neoplasms, especially medullary carcinoma.
  • Immunohistochemical markers (NSE, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, keratin, S100) aid in distinguishing these tumors.
  • Intraoperative findings include potential for significant bleeding and adherence to surrounding structures like the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Findings:

  • Thyroid-associated paragangliomas exhibit aggressive local behavior but lack reported malignancy.
  • Limited resection is a viable treatment option.
  • These tumors are considered a subset of laryngeal paragangliomas.

Implications:

  • Consider thyroid-associated paragangliomas in the differential diagnosis of hypervascular thyroid nodules, particularly with inconclusive calcitonin levels.
  • Accurate diagnosis impacts surgical extent and necessitates postoperative hormonal, imaging, and genetic evaluation.
  • Distinguishing these from primary thyroid tumors is crucial for appropriate patient management.