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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Fiber Connections of the Supplementary Motor Area Revisited: Methodology of Fiber Dissection, DTI, and Three Dimensional Documentation
16:23

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Functional dissociations between four basic arithmetic operations in the human posterior parietal cortex: a

Miriam Rosenberg-Lee1, Ting Ting Chang, Christina B Young

  • 1Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5179, USA. miriamrl@stanford.edu

Neuropsychologia
|May 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Different parts of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are involved in distinct arithmetic operations like multiplication and division. This study clarifies brain region involvement in retrieval, calculation, and inversion for number tasks.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Previous lesion studies on the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) have yielded inconsistent findings regarding its role in different arithmetic operations.
  • Poor anatomical localization in prior research has hindered a clear understanding of functional dissociations within the PPC for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate functional overlap and dissociations in cytoarchitectonically defined subdivisions of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), superior parietal lobule (SPL), and angular gyrus (AG) across four arithmetic operations.
  • To clarify the differential neural processes engaged by addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division within the PPC.

Main Methods:

  • Examined functional activation and deactivation patterns in specific PPC subdivisions (IPS, SPL, AG) during four arithmetic operations and a number identification control task.
  • Utilized cytoarchitectonic definitions for precise anatomical localization within the PPC.

Main Results:

  • All arithmetic operations, except addition, showed left posterior IPS activation and right posterior angular gyrus deactivation.
  • Multiplication and subtraction exhibited distinct activation patterns in the right IPS and AG, challenging theories of left angular gyrus specialization for multiplication retrieval.
  • Multiplication, compared to addition, elicited greater activation in the right posterior IPS, prefrontal cortex, and ventral visual areas, indicating different underlying neural processes.
  • Division showed greater left lateral SPL activation than multiplication, suggesting operation-specific processing of inverse relations.

Conclusions:

  • Specific subdivisions within the IPS, SPL, and AG are differentially modulated by the four basic arithmetic operations.
  • The findings reveal significant functional heterogeneity and individual differences in activation and deactivation within the PPC.
  • These differential effects are linked to key cognitive processes: retrieval, calculation, and inversion, which are selectively engaged by arithmetic operations, explaining inconsistencies in prior research.