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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Biofunctionalization of Magnetic Nanomaterials

Biofunctionalization of Magnetic Nanomaterials

Published on: July 16, 2020

Magnetic and porous molecule-based materials.

Nans Roques¹, Veronica Mugnaini, Jaume Veciana

¹Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola, Spain.

Topics in Current Chemistry

|May 28, 2011

Summary

This chapter reviews porous and magnetic molecule-based materials, covering molecular magnetism fundamentals, design strategies, and key material families. It highlights flexible frameworks and future development approaches for these advanced materials.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemistry

Background:

Porous and magnetic molecule-based materials are at the forefront of advanced materials research.
Understanding molecular magnetism and design strategies is crucial for developing these materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art research in porous and magnetic molecule-based materials.
To discuss the fundamentals, design, and applications of these materials.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature on porous and magnetic molecule-based materials.
Focus on design strategies for molecular magnets.
Categorization into purely organic and metal-organic porous magnetic materials.
Inclusion of flexible framework materials.

Main Results:

Detailed overview of recent advancements in the field.
Identification of key material families: purely organic and metal-organic.
Emphasis on the growing importance of flexible porous magnetic materials.
Discussion of representative examples for each category.

Conclusions:

Porous and magnetic molecule-based materials represent a dynamic research area.
Flexible frameworks offer significant potential for diverse applications.
Future development hinges on novel approaches and continued exploration.