Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify components in complex mixtures, making it essential in fields such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. GC is also called vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) or gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).
In GC, a sample is vaporized and mixed with an inert carrier gas (the mobile phase), which transports it through a column.

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is the combination of analytical techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in a single instrument for analyzing a mixture of compounds. The gas chromatograph separates the compounds in the mixture, and the mass spectrometer analyzes each compound separately to determine the molecular masses and molecular structures.
A gas chromatograph consists of a long, narrow capillary column with a polysiloxane coating on the inner wall. The coating...

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-I

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-I

There are different types of detectors used in gas chromatography, each with its own specific properties that make it suitable for detecting certain types of analytes. The most commonly used detectors in GC are thermal conductivity detector (TCD), flame ionization detector (FID), and electron capture detector (ECD).
TCD is the earliest and most widely used detector that operates by measuring the changes in the thermal conductivity of the carrier gas. When a sample compound enters the detector,...

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...

Gas Chromatography: Overview of Detectors

Gas Chromatography: Overview of Detectors

Detectors in gas chromatography (GC) help identify and quantify the components of a mixture by translating chemical properties into measurable signals, which are displayed on a chromatogram. Detectors can be categorized into two main types: destructive and non-destructive.
A non-destructive detector allows a sample to be analyzed without altering or consuming it, meaning the sample can be collected after detection for further analysis. Examples include thermal conductivity detectors and...

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

Gas chromatography (GC) relies on stationary phases to separate and analyze components in a sample. There are two main types of stationary phases: liquid and solid. Liquid stationary phases are non-volatile, thermally stable, and chemically inert liquids coated onto the column. Solid stationary phases are particles of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or molecular sieves.
For an analyte to remain on the column for a sufficient amount of time, it must exhibit some level of compatibility (or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Drug Development Considerations for Additives to Organ Preservation Solutions.

Transplantation·2024

Same author

Local delivery of tacrolimus using electrospun poly-ϵ-caprolactone nanofibres suppresses the T-cell response to peripheral nerve allografts.

Journal of neural engineering·2022

Same author

Affinity purification of in vivo assembled whirlin-associated protein complexes from the zebrafish retina.

Journal of proteomics·2022

Same author

<i>In silico</i> framework to inform the design of repair constructs for peripheral nerve injury repair.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2022

Same author

Simultaneous quantitation of water and residual solvents in pharmaceuticals by rapid headspace gas chromatography with thermal conductivity detection (GC-TCD).

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis·2020

Same author

Controlled local release of PPARγ agonists from biomaterials to treat peripheral nerve injury.

Journal of neural engineering·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Chromatographic Fingerprinting by Template Matching for Data Collected by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Chromatographic Fingerprinting by Template Matching for Data Collected by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Published on: September 2, 2020

Separation orthogonality in temperature-programmed comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.

C J Venkatramani¹, J Xu, J B Phillips

¹Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4409.

Analytical Chemistry

|May 31, 2011

Summary

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) uses a thermal modulator to couple two columns, creating a 2D retention plane. Optimizing temperature programs achieves orthogonality, enabling independent separations and enhanced peak capacity for detailed molecular analysis.

More Related Videos

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

Published on: July 25, 2014

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 6, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Chromatographic Fingerprinting by Template Matching for Data Collected by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Chromatographic Fingerprinting by Template Matching for Data Collected by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Published on: September 2, 2020

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

Published on: July 25, 2014

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 6, 2016

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Chromatography

Background:

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) couples two columns with different stationary phases.
A thermal modulator generates high-speed chromatograms from the primary column effluent, forming a 2D separation plane.

Purpose of the Study:

To explain the principles of GC×GC, focusing on achieving orthogonality.
To demonstrate how temperature programming enhances separation efficiency and peak capacity.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a thermal modulator to serially couple two GC columns with dissimilar stationary phases.
Applying a temperature program to tune the secondary column's retentive power.

Main Results:

GC×GC disperses peaks over a 2D retention plane, unlike traditional 1D chromatography.
Orthogonality is achieved by eliminating the primary column's retention mechanism in the second dimension via temperature programming.
This results in independent retention times and two distinct measures of molecular properties.

Conclusions:

Orthogonal GC×GC separations efficiently utilize separation space, increasing speed and peak capacity.
The method provides independent molecular property measures, enhancing analytical power.