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Related Concept Videos

Electrophoresis: Overview01:20

Electrophoresis: Overview

Electrophoresis is a powerful analytical separation technique that relies on the differential migration of charged species when subjected to an electric field. The core strength of electrophoresis lies in its ability to separate high-molecular-weight species in complex mixtures. It has found widespread use in biochemistry, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry, allowing the separation of compounds like amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and proteins with excellent resolution.
There...
Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...
Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation01:20

Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation

Capillary electrophoresis instrumentation typically consists of several key components. A high-voltage power supply generates the electric field necessary for the separation by connecting to an anode (the positively charged electrode) and a cathode (the negatively charged electrode) located in buffer reservoirs at each end of the capillary tube. The system includes a sample vial, a fused silica capillary tube coated with polyimide for mechanical strength through which the sample components...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process01:05

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process

In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
Size-Exclusion Chromatography01:08

Size-Exclusion Chromatography

In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
Silica particles offer advantages such as rigidity,...

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Large-scale Top-down Proteomics Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Tandem Mass Spectrometry
10:05

Large-scale Top-down Proteomics Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Published on: October 24, 2018

Gradient elution in capillary electrochromatography.

C Yan1, R Dadoo, R N Zare

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.

Analytical Chemistry
|May 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new system delivers electroosmotically driven solvent gradients for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) using computer-controlled voltages to merge two flows. This technique successfully separated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, demonstrating its potential for various capillary electrokinetic analyses.

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Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry Approaches for Characterization of the Protein and Metabolite Corona Acquired by Nanomaterials
07:54

Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry Approaches for Characterization of the Protein and Metabolite Corona Acquired by Nanomaterials

Published on: October 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • High-performance liquid chromatography utilizes pressure-driven gradients for enhanced separations.
  • Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) traditionally relies on isocratic conditions, limiting its separation power.
  • Developing gradient elution for CEC is crucial for improving analytical performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a novel system for electroosmotically driven solvent gradients in CEC.
  • To adapt gradient elution principles from HPLC to the unique electroosmotic flow regime of CEC.
  • To validate the system's capability in separating complex mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • A system was engineered to merge two electroosmotic flows, regulated by computer-controlled voltages.
  • Fused-silica capillary arms delivered distinct mobile phases to a T-connector, mixing before entering the packed column.
  • High-voltage power supplies controlled electroosmotic flow rates, creating dynamic solvent gradients.
  • The capillary column was electrokinetically packed with 3-μm reversed-phase particles.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic gradients with submicroliter per minute flow rates were successfully generated.
  • Mobile phase composition was confirmed to change in response to programmed voltage profiles.
  • A mixture of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was separated in under 90 minutes.
  • The system demonstrated effective gradient elution in CEC.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system provides a robust method for generating electroosmotically driven solvent gradients in CEC.
  • This technique offers a powerful alternative to traditional isocratic methods, enhancing separation efficiency.
  • The approach is adaptable for generating other gradient types, including pH and ionic strength, in capillary electrokinetic separations.