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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Scoring Central Nervous System Inflammation, Demyelination, and Axon Injury in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
08:17

Scoring Central Nervous System Inflammation, Demyelination, and Axon Injury in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: February 23, 2024

Autoimmune disorders affecting both the central and peripheral nervous system.

Christoph Kamm1, Uwe K Zettl

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Germany.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|May 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune diseases affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems are rare but may represent a spectrum of disorders. Recent data suggest Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis are part of this spectrum.

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Scoring Central Nervous System Inflammation, Demyelination, and Axon Injury in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Simultaneous Isolation of Principal Central Nervous System-Resident Cell Types from Adult Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice
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Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases affecting both central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS) are less common than those affecting only one.
  • Previous attempts to define these conditions as a distinct clinical entity have been challenging.
  • Conditions like Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis are increasingly recognized as part of a continuous spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical and paraclinical data of autoimmune diseases affecting both CNS and PNS.
  • To discuss potential common and divergent immunopathogenic mechanisms.
  • To explore therapeutic options for these disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and paraclinical data from patient cohorts.
  • Analysis of autoantibodies, antecedent infections, and neuroimaging/neurophysiological investigations.
  • Discussion of immunopathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests Fisher syndrome, Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, and Guillain-Barré-Syndrome may represent a continuous spectrum of disease.
  • Common autoantibodies and antecedent infections are observed across these conditions.
  • Variable CNS and PNS involvement characterizes this spectrum.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune demyelinating diseases variably affecting CNS and PNS, including Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, are likely interconnected.
  • Understanding the shared and distinct immunopathogenic pathways is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the full spectrum and optimize management strategies.