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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Glial Cells01:04

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity
08:37

Microglia as a Surrogate Biosensor to Determine Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity

Published on: October 25, 2016

Microglial response to viral challenges: every silver lining comes with a cloud.

Deepak Kumar Kaushik1, Malvika Gupta, Anirban Basu

  • 1National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122050, India.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|May 31, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Microglia, the brain's immune cells, detect viral infections within the Central Nervous System (CNS). They identify pathogens using Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and release cytokines to manage the infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Microglia are the primary immune cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS).
  • The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) protects the CNS but can be breached by pathogens.
  • Viral encephalitis is a common CNS infection with diverse causative agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review viral infections of the brain.
  • To discuss microglia's role in detecting these infections.
  • To explore microglia's immune response strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on viral encephalitis and microglial responses.
  • Analysis of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).
  • Examination of cytokine signaling pathways (e.g., MCP1, IL-1beta, IFN, TNF-alpha).

Main Results:

  • Microglia utilize PRRs to recognize viral PAMPs.
  • Microglia initiate innate immune responses by releasing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
  • Various viruses, including JEV, WNV, HSV, and HIV, can cause CNS infections.

Conclusions:

  • Microglia play a crucial role in defending the CNS against viral pathogens.
  • Understanding microglial detection strategies is key to combating viral brain infections.
  • This review highlights the complex interplay between microglia and CNS viruses.