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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

An update on analgesics.

I Power1

  • 1Royal Infirmary, University of Edinburgh-Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK. ian.power@ed.ac.uk

British Journal of Anaesthesia
|June 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New analgesics aim to improve pain relief and reduce side effects. Recent advances include novel opioids like tapentadol and opioid antagonists to mitigate adverse events, enhancing acute pain management.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Pain Management
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Analgesic development focuses on enhancing efficacy and reducing side effects.
  • Opioids remain central to acute pain management, with ongoing efforts to improve their clinical profile.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in analgesic development, particularly for acute pain settings.
  • To highlight novel therapeutic strategies and agents improving pain management outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent pharmacological advancements in analgesia.
  • Analysis of new analgesic agents and their mechanisms of action.
  • Examination of clinical applications and side-effect profiles of emerging treatments.

Main Results:

  • Introduction of tapentadol, a mixed opioid and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, offering improved pharmacodynamics.
  • Development of opioid antagonists (methylnaltrexone, alvimopan, oxycodone/naloxone) to reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
  • Exploration of other agents like gabapentin, methylxanthines, local anesthetics, and novel approaches targeting endogenous opioids and the endocannabinoid system.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in developing analgesics with improved efficacy and safety profiles.
  • Continued research is essential to meet the demand for highly effective analgesics with minimal side effects.
  • Novel therapeutic targets and drug combinations show promise for future pain management strategies.