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Dialysis

Dialysis

Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...

Dialysis

Dialysis

Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively. It can be classified into two types: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).
Acute kidney injury develops suddenly and can be caused by pre-renal causes (e.g., hypovolemia, shock), intrinsic renal causes (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), or post-renal causes (e.g., urinary obstruction). In contrast, chronic renal failure progresses gradually over time and is often...

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Hemoperfusion and Hemofiltration

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Hemoperfusion and Hemofiltration

Hemoperfusion and hemofiltration are critical techniques in medical treatments to eliminate accumulated drugs, metabolites, and electrolytes from the bloodstream. These methods are particularly vital in cases of accidental poisoning and drug overdose.Hemoperfusion involves passing blood through an adsorbent material to remove unwanted substances. The main adsorbents used in hemoperfusion include activated charcoal and Amberlite resins. Activated charcoal can adsorb both polar and nonpolar...

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or those experiencing drug overdose often require extracorporeal methods to eliminate accumulated drugs and metabolites. Hemoperfusion, hemofiltration, and dialysis are the primary techniques to rapidly remove harmful substances without disrupting the patient's fluid and electrolyte balance. For those with compromised renal function, dosage adjustments of concurrent medications may be necessary during extracorporeal drug removal.Dialysis is a process...

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis (HD) is a medical treatment that artificially removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. In this process, blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the selective removal of waste while preserving necessary components like blood cells and proteins. Hemodialysis is typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe kidney...

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

DialyzersA hemodialysis (HD) dialyzer is a plastic cartridge containing thousands of parallel hollow fibers, which serve as semipermeable membranes. These fibers are typically made from cellulose-based or other synthetic materials. During HD, blood is pumped into the top of the cartridge and distributed among these fibers. Simultaneously, dialysis fluid, known as dialysate, is introduced into the bottom of the cartridge, bathing the outside of the fibers. Across the semipermeable membrane,...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Custom-made Microdialysis Probe Design

Custom-made Microdialysis Probe Design

Published on: July 21, 2015

Dynamic hemodialysis: a potential solution for middle molecule removal.

Jeong Chul Kim, Francesco Garzotto, Claudio Ronco

Contributions to Nephrology

|June 1, 2011

Summary

Dynamic hemodialysis uses mechanical vibration to improve blood flow and reduce protein buildup on dialysis membranes. This method enhances the removal of middle molecular weight solutes, leading to better patient outcomes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Custom-made Microdialysis Probe Design

Custom-made Microdialysis Probe Design

Published on: July 21, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Nephrology
Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Dialysis membrane fouling by protein layers impairs middle molecular weight solute removal.
Middle molecular weight solute clearance is crucial for patient outcomes in dialysis.
Blood-membrane interactions significantly affect dialysis efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and evaluate the concept of dynamic hemodialysis using mechanical vibration.
To investigate the effects of vibration-induced shear rate on dialysis membrane performance.
To explore the potential of dynamic hemodialysis in enhancing solute removal.

Main Methods:

Simulating hemodynamic changes within dialysis membranes under longitudinal and transverse vibration.
Analyzing the impact of vibration on membrane morphology and dialysis efficiency.
Investigating the role of vibration-induced shear rate and flow mixing.

Main Results:

Longitudinal vibration induces reverse flow, while transverse vibration creates swirling flow, increasing shear rate.
Enhanced shear rate and flow mixing improve middle molecular weight solute removal.
Vibration may sustain membrane absorption capacity for uremic toxins.

Conclusions:

Dynamic hemodialysis shows potential for enhancing solute removal by minimizing membrane fouling.
Optimization of vibration parameters (amplitude, frequency) is necessary to balance efficiency with potential adverse effects like hemolysis and noise.