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Related Concept Videos

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Epistasis Analysis

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Independent Assortment

While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Determination of Self- and Inter-(in)compatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses

Determination of Self- and Inter-(in)compatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses

Published on: June 16, 2020

A model for linkage analysis with apomixis.

Wei Hou¹, Shen Lin, Yao Li

¹Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik

|June 1, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Apomixis, or asexual reproduction via seeds, complicates genetic analysis in plants. This study introduces a statistical model to accurately estimate genetic linkage and mapping in apomictic species.

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Area of Science:

Plant reproductive biology
Molecular genetics
Bioinformatics

Background:

Apomixis (asexual reproduction through seeds) is found in over 400 angiosperm species.
While beneficial for preserving genotypes, apomixis poses challenges for genetic linkage analysis and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping.
Understanding these challenges is crucial for genetic studies in apomictic plants.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of apomixis on the precision and power of linkage analysis using molecular markers.
To develop a statistical model for estimating genetic linkage in populations with mixed sexual and apomictic reproduction.
To provide a computational tool for genetic mapping and evolutionary studies in apomictic species.

Main Methods:

Development of a statistical model within the maximum likelihood framework.
Implementation of the model using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm.
Formulation of procedures to test marker linkage, apomixis rate, and meiotic genetic interference.
Validation of the model through simulation studies.

Main Results:

A novel statistical model was derived to estimate genetic linkage in the presence of apomixis.
The model effectively handles data from populations with varying rates of apomixis.
Simulation studies confirmed the model's accuracy and utility for linkage analysis.

Conclusions:

The developed statistical model offers a robust tool for linkage mapping in apomictic plants.
This methodology enhances the precision of genetic analysis for species reproducing asexually through seeds.
The tool supports evolutionary studies and marker-assisted breeding in diverse plant species.