Retinoic acid inducible gene-I, more than a virus sensor

Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing protein that acts as an intracellular RNA receptor and senses virus infection. After binding to double stranded RNA (dsRNA) or 5'-triphosphate single stranded RNA (ssRNA), RIG-I transforms into an open conformation, translocates onto mitochondria, and interacts with the downstream adaptor mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) to induce the production of type I interferon and inflammatory factors via IRF3/7 and NF-κB pathways, respectively. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that RIG-I could function in non-viral systems and participate in a series of biological events, such as inflammation and inflammation related diseases, cell proliferation, apoptosis and even senescence. Here we review recent advances in antiviral study of RIG-I as well as the functions of RIG-I in other fields.