Hydroxyapatite scaffolds infiltrated with thermally crosslinked polycaprolactone fumarate and polycaprolactone...

In this work, two unsaturated derivatives of polycaprolactone (PCL), polycaprolactone fumarate (PCLF), and polycaprolactone itaconate (PCLI), have been synthesized and used as an infiltrating polymer to improve the mechanical properties of brittle hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds. PCLF and PCLI were first synthesized through polyesterification of the low molecular weight PCL diols with fumaryl chloride and itaconyl chloride respectively, and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. HA scaffolds were sintered using a foam replication technique, with porosity of about 60%. Polymer-HA composites were obtained by infiltrating the HA scaffolds with PCLF and PCLI solution (12.5 and 30 w/v in dichloromethane) followed by thermal crosslinking. The polymer infiltrated HA scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, porosimetry, and gravimetrical analysis. The polyesterification reaction of PCL diols with fumarate chloride was more efficient than itaconyl chloride and dependent upon the molecular weight of the initial PCL precursor; the resultant PCLF demonstrated a degree of substitution of 1.2, 4.2, and 2.7 times higher than PCLIs. Polymer infiltration improved the compressive strength of the HA scaffolds, and based upon the type of macromer (PCLF or PCLI) and also their concentration in infiltrating solution (12.5 or 30 w/v %) compressive strength increased about 14-328%. In all studied samples, the reinforcement effect of PCLF infiltration was higher than PCLI. The macromers and their corresponding infiltrated HA scaffolds did not show any significant cytotoxicity toward human primary osteogenic sarcoma cell (G92 cell lines), in vitro.