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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Published on: August 11, 2008

Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: a review.

Syed Ahmed Zaki¹, Sunil Karande

¹Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India. drzakisyed@gmail.com

Journal of Infection in Developing Countries

|June 2, 2011

Summary

Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever (MDRTF) is a significant global health issue, particularly in developing nations. Effective prevention strategies include vaccination, responsible antibiotic use, and improved sanitation and public health education.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Published on: August 11, 2008

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Microbiology
Public Health

Background:

Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever (MDRTF) is caused by Salmonella Typhi strains resistant to common antibiotics.
MDRTF outbreaks have increased morbidity and mortality, especially in young children in developing countries since the mid-1980s.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever.
To summarize diagnostic and treatment approaches for MDRTF.
To outline essential prevention strategies for MDRTF.

Main Methods:

Literature review utilizing PubMed searches for relevant English-language articles.
Review of standard medical textbooks on pediatric infectious diseases and public health.

Main Results:

Clinical presentation of MDRTF includes high fever, toxemia, and abdominal symptoms; diagnosis relies on blood culture isolation of Salmonella Typhi.
Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone are effective treatments for MDRTF, yielding positive clinical outcomes.
No pathognomonic features exist for early MDRTF diagnosis.

Conclusions:

MDRTF poses a substantial public health challenge, particularly in developing regions.
Key prevention measures include mass immunization with typhoid vaccines (Typhi 21a or Vi), judicious antibiotic use, and enhanced public sanitation, clean water access, safe food handling, and health education.