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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
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Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
07:10

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

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[Langerhans cell and HIV].

Tatsuyoshi Kawamura1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of Yamanashi.

Nihon Rinsho Men'Eki Gakkai Kaishi = Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology
|June 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Langerhans cells (LCs) play a dual role in heterosexual HIV transmission, acting as both a pathway for infection and a barrier. Understanding these interactions is key to developing new HIV prevention strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Heterosexual transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a primary driver of the global epidemic.
  • Current prevention strategies are insufficient, necessitating novel approaches to curb new infections.
  • Langerhans cells (LCs) in the genital mucosa are implicated in HIV sexual transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the role of LCs in heterosexual HIV transmission.
  • To explore the dual role of LCs in facilitating and restricting HIV infection.
  • To connect the 'LCs primary gate keeper model' with current HIV prevention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiologic studies on sexual transmission.
  • Analysis of in vivo studies in rhesus monkeys.

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  • Examination of ex vivo studies using human explant models.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence suggests CD4/CCR5-mediated de novo infection of LCs is a major pathway for HIV sexual transmission.
    • Langerin, expressed on LCs, has been shown to inactivate HIV, indicating a protective role.
    • HIV interaction with LCs in the genital mucosa is complex, involving both susceptibility and resistance mechanisms.

    Conclusions:

    • LCs exhibit a dual function in heterosexual HIV transmission, acting as both a potential entry point and a barrier.
    • Further research into the intricate interactions between HIV and LCs is crucial for developing effective topical microbicides.
    • Understanding the LCs primary gate keeper model can inform the design of next-generation HIV prevention strategies.