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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

[Learn and relation, basic knowledge of diabetes--approach from an educational front].

Aya Murakami¹, Yoshinori Matsuno, Soho Suzuki

¹Educational Foundation Igaku Academy Yakugaku Seminar, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan. murakami@yakuzemi.ac.jp

Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

|June 2, 2011

Summary

Pharmacy education reform integrated computer-based testing and clinical exams to develop pharmacists skilled in patient communication and medical collaboration. This initiative aims to enhance pharmaceutical care and patient outcomes.

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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo

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Published on: April 6, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

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Published on: February 28, 2013

Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo

Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo

Published on: April 6, 2022

Area of Science:

Pharmacy Education
Clinical Skills Training
Medical Collaboration

Context:

Pharmacy education curriculum reform initiated in 2006.
Integration of Computer Based Testing (CBT) and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE).
Need for pharmacists with enhanced communication skills for interprofessional medical teams and patient interaction.

Purpose:

To adapt pharmacy education to evolving healthcare demands.
To equip future pharmacists with essential clinical and communication competencies.
To leverage 32 years of experience in preparing candidates for the pharmacist national examination.

Summary:

The program introduced CBT, OSCE, and practical training to enhance pharmacy education.
Emphasis on developing pharmacists capable of effective communication within medical teams and with patients.
Content includes diabetes management, covering physiology, symptoms, diagnostics, and therapeutics, informed by clinical practice and medical supply development.

Impact:

Proposing technical skills for future pharmacy education based on clinical insights.
Enhancing the role of pharmacists in multidisciplinary healthcare settings.
Improving patient care through better-trained and more communicative pharmacists.