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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

Published on: April 7, 2023

"Inappropriate" pediatric emergency medical services utilization redefined.

Michael E Richards¹, Michael W Hubble, Sarah Zwehl-Burke

¹Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. mrichards@salud.unm.edu

Pediatric Emergency Care

|June 2, 2011

Summary

Pediatric patients underutilize emergency medical services (EMS) transport compared to adults, even for critical conditions. This suggests a need to redefine inappropriate EMS use beyond overutilization to include potential underutilization in children.

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A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

Published on: November 9, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn

Published on: April 7, 2023

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings

Published on: November 9, 2016

Area of Science:

Emergency Medicine
Pediatric Care
Public Health

Background:

Previous studies indicate overutilization of emergency medical services (EMS) for pediatric transport.
A concurrent concern exists regarding the underutilization of EMS by pediatric patients for emergent conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the utilization rates of EMS between adult and pediatric patients.
To analyze EMS use for high-acuity patients and common transport reasons.

Main Methods:

Secondary analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data.
Comparison of hospital arrivals via EMS versus walk-in.
Analysis of variables including age, mode of arrival, triage category, reason for visit, and disposition.

Main Results:

Adults utilized EMS significantly more than pediatric patients (19.1% vs. 6.5%).
For critical care patients, EMS use was higher in adults (87.3%) than pediatrics (66.3%).
Adults used EMS more frequently for 85% of the top 20 reasons pediatric patients used EMS.

Conclusions:

Pediatric patients are less likely to use EMS for hospital transport compared to adults for both routine and emergent issues.
The definition of inappropriate EMS utilization for pediatric transport should consider potential underutilization, particularly for critical cases, not just overutilization.