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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

Does reconsolidation occur in humans?

Daniela Schiller¹, Elizabeth A Phelps

¹Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine New York NY, USA.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

|June 2, 2011

Summary

Human reconsolidation research lags behind animal studies due to invasive methods. Non-invasive techniques offer promising avenues for understanding memory reconsolidation in humans.

Keywords:

amygdala emotion episodic memory fear conditioning hippocampus procedural memory prorpanolol reconsolidation

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

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Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker

Published on: December 18, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Memory Research

Background:

Reconsolidation evidence is abundant in animals but scarce in humans.
Invasive techniques used in animal studies are not suitable for human research.
Existing safe compounds for human studies target indirect mechanisms of reconsolidation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current state of human reconsolidation research.
To discuss challenges and propose a framework for future studies.
To reconcile inconsistencies in existing findings.

Main Methods:

Review of studies using both invasive and non-invasive techniques.
Analysis of reconsolidation of emotional associative, episodic, and procedural memories.
Focus on non-invasive methods that update memory rather than block it.

Main Results:

Limited direct evidence for human reconsolidation exists.
Non-invasive techniques provide the strongest support for human reconsolidation.
Discrepancies in findings require reconciliation.

Conclusions:

Human reconsolidation is hypothesized but lacks robust evidence.
Non-invasive methods are crucial for advancing human reconsolidation research.
A conceptual framework is needed to guide future investigations.