TLR activation enhances C5a-induced pro-inflammatory responses by negatively modulating the second C5a receptor, C5L2

TLR and complement activation ensures efficient clearance of infection. Previous studies documented synergism between TLRs and the receptor for the pro-inflammatory complement peptide C5a (C5aR/CD88), and regulation of TLR-induced pro-inflammatory responses by C5aR, suggesting crosstalk between TLRs and C5aR. However, it is unclear whether and how TLRs modulate C5a-induced pro-inflammatory responses. We demonstrate a marked positive modulatory effect of TLR activation on cell sensitivity to C5a in vitro and ex vivo and identify an underlying mechanistic target. Pre-exposure of PBMCs and whole blood to diverse TLR ligands or bacteria enhanced C5a-induced pro-inflammatory responses. This effect was not observed in TLR4 signalling-deficient mice. TLR-induced hypersensitivity to C5a did not result from C5aR upregulation or modulation of C5a-induced Ca(2+) mobilization. Rather, TLRs targeted another C5a receptor, C5L2 (acting as a negative modulator of C5aR), by reducing C5L2 activity. TLR-induced hypersensitivity to C5a was mimicked by blocking C5L2 and was not observed in C5L2KO mice. Furthermore, TLR activation inhibited C5L2 expression upon C5a stimulation. These findings identify a novel pathway of crosstalk within the innate immune system that amplifies innate host defense at the TLR-complement interface. Unravelling the mutually regulated activities of TLRs and complement may reveal new therapeutic avenues to control inflammation.