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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

Olfactory cortex generates synchronized top-down inputs to the olfactory bulb during slow-wave sleep.

Hiroyuki Manabe1, Ikue Kusumoto-Yoshida, Mizuho Ota

  • 1Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|June 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

During slow-wave sleep, the olfactory cortex generates sharp waves independently of the hippocampus. These waves synchronize neuronal activity and may reorganize olfactory bulb circuits.

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Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity
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Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Research
  • Olfactory System Function

Background:

  • The olfactory cortex is disconnected from external stimuli during slow-wave sleep.
  • Neuronal activity patterns and functions within the olfactory cortex during sleep are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neuronal activity patterns in the rat olfactory cortex during slow-wave sleep.
  • To elucidate the functional role of these patterns, particularly sharp waves, in olfactory system processing during sleep.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings in freely behaving rats.
  • Analysis of neuronal discharges and sharp wave events in the anterior piriform cortex.
  • Current source density analysis to identify synaptic mechanisms.
  • Simultaneous recordings from the olfactory bulb and cortex.

Main Results:

  • The anterior piriform cortex generates recurrent sharp waves during slow-wave sleep, independent of hippocampal sharp waves.
  • Sharp wave generation involves recurrent association fiber synapses onto pyramidal cells.
  • Olfactory bulb sharp waves occurred synchronously with olfactory cortex sharp waves.
  • These findings suggest top-down signaling from the olfactory cortex to the olfactory bulb.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory cortex sharp waves during slow-wave sleep are a distinct phenomenon.
  • These sharp waves appear to drive synchronized, top-down inputs to the olfactory bulb.
  • Olfactory cortex sharp waves may be involved in reorganizing olfactory bulb neuronal circuits during sleep.