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Van der Waals Interactions

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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.Polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end of the molecule,...

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

Sound Waves: Resonance

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Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...

Van der Waals Equation

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The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Published on: April 4, 2016

Virtual resonance and frequency difference generation by van der Waals interaction.

L Tetard¹, A Passian, S Eslami

¹Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6123, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|June 4, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Synthesized mode atomic force microscopy can image material interiors. Optimal imaging occurs when the nonlinear force is tuned to van der Waals interactions, enhancing probe oscillations for better detection of material inhomogeneities.

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Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Published on: April 4, 2016

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Physics

Background:

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a key tool for nanoscale imaging.
Exploring material interiors for inhomogeneities requires advanced AFM techniques.
Mode synthesizing AFM offers new possibilities for subsurface imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the optimal conditions for difference frequency (ω_) generation in synthesized mode AFM.
To understand the role of nonlinear forces in enhancing probe oscillations.
To validate theoretical predictions with experimental results for subsurface material analysis.

Main Methods:

Development of a semiempirical nonlinear force model for AFM.
Parametric study of probe-sample excitation at difference frequencies.
Experimental validation of the ω_ generation model.

Main Results:

Difference frequency (ω_) generation is optimal when the nonlinear force is tuned to van der Waals form.
Predicted ω_ oscillations show excellent agreement with experimental data.
The concept of virtual resonance is introduced to explain enhanced probe oscillations.

Conclusions:

Synthesized mode AFM provides a powerful method for exploring material interiors.
Tuning nonlinear forces to van der Waals interactions maximizes ω_ generation.
Virtual resonance offers a mechanism for significantly enhancing probe oscillations for improved subsurface imaging.