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Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

Infliximab-related seizures: a first case study.

Francesco Brigo¹, Luigi Giuseppe Bongiovanni, Roberto Cerini

¹Department of Neurological, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. dr.francescobrigo@gmail.com

Epileptic Disorders : International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape

|June 4, 2011

Summary

Seizures are a rare side effect of infliximab treatment. This case report details EEG and MRI findings in a patient experiencing infliximab-related seizures, highlighting potential drug-induced encephalopathy.

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Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

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Published on: May 16, 2019

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Immunology

Background:

Infliximab (a TNF-alpha inhibitor) is used to treat inflammatory conditions.
Seizures are an exceptionally rare adverse effect of infliximab therapy.
Detailed electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging findings in infliximab-related seizures are not well-documented.

Observation:

A patient developed acute-onset seizures temporally associated with infliximab administration.
Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed encephalopathy predominantly affecting cortical regions.
Electroencephalography (EEG) demonstrated focal paroxysmal activity.

Findings:

Seizures and EEG abnormalities resolved completely within days of infliximab withdrawal.
No alternative causes for the seizures were identified.
The temporal relationship and clinical response strongly suggest infliximab-induced seizures, potentially secondary to encephalopathy.

Implications:

This case highlights a potential link between infliximab therapy and seizures, possibly mediated by drug-induced encephalopathy.
Further research is needed to determine if infliximab itself is epileptogenic or if seizures result from associated encephalopathy.
Clinicians should consider infliximab-induced seizures in patients presenting with new-onset seizures during treatment.