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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

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Published on: August 13, 2013

When differentiation goes viral.

Courtney M Shirley1, Richard F Ambinder

  • 1Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.

Blood
|June 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) down-regulates BLIMP1 in germinal center B cells. This inhibition prevents B cell differentiation into plasma cells, aiding EBV persistence.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that infects B cells.
  • Germinal center (GC) B cells are crucial for adaptive immunity and antibody production.
  • BLIMP1 (encoded by PRDM1) is a key transcription factor inducing terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells.

Discussion:

  • EBV infection of primary GC B cells leads to the down-regulation of BLIMP1.
  • This down-regulation by EBV suggests a mechanism to evade host immune responses.
  • By inhibiting BLIMP1, EBV prevents infected B cells from terminally differentiating into plasma cells.

Key Insights:

  • EBV actively manipulates host cell machinery to ensure its survival.
  • The suppression of BLIMP1 is a critical step in the EBV life cycle within B cells.
  • Understanding this interaction sheds light on viral pathogenesis and B cell differentiation.

Outlook:

  • Further research can explore therapeutic strategies targeting the EBV-BLIMP1 interaction.
  • Investigating other viruses that might employ similar immune evasion tactics.
  • Elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms by which EBV down-regulates BLIMP1.