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Development of the parent adult relationship questionnaire (PARQ)
Lindsay Pitzer1, Karen L Fingerman, Eva S Lefkowitz
1Purdue University, USA. lindsay.m.pitzer.1@nd.edu
Abstract:
Relationships between adults and parents are characterized by positive and negative qualities. Existing measures of relationship qualities and ambivalence often rely on items that are unbalanced in number of positive and negative items, emotional tone, or missing negative items completely. Three studies established validity (construct, convergent, discriminant) and reliability (internal consistency, test-retest) for the Parent Adult Relationship Quality (PARQ) scale. Study 1 found high internal consistency and test-retest correlations among undergraduates. Study 2 found associations with measures of positive relationship quality and high test-retest correlations using a sample of parents. Study 3 established convergent and discriminant validity with other measures of relationship quality, including an observational measure. The PARQ is a succinct measure that captures positive and negative aspects of support and interactions in relationships between adults and their parents.
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Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Parenting
This style is strict and controlling, with little room for open dialogue. Authoritarian parents demand obedience and often enforce rules with minimal warmth. Children raised this way may lack social skills and initiative, usually comparing themselves to others unfavorably.
Authoritative Parenting
This...

