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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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Pulsed-accelerated-flow spectrometer with position-resolved observation.

M R McDonald1, T X Wang, M Gazda

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

Analytical Chemistry
|June 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The new PAF-PRO instrument rapidly monitors chemical reactions using a flow cell and CCD detector. This system accurately measures reaction rate constants for fast processes, enabling detailed kinetic studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Studying rapid chemical reactions requires precise monitoring of reaction kinetics.
  • Existing methods may have limitations in capturing fast reaction dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate the Performance Analysis Flow-PRO (PAF-PRO) instrument for studying rapid reactions.
  • To demonstrate the instrument's capability in resolving reaction rate constants from physical mixing processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a flow system with a 10-jet radial mixer and a 2 cm observation cell.
  • Employed a masked charge-coupled device (CCD) array detector for transmittance data acquisition.
  • Varied flow velocities (21 to 2 m s⁻¹) to analyze reaction kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured pseudo-first-order rate constants from 200 to 12,000 s⁻¹.
  • Calibrated the instrument for second-order reactions with initial half-lives of 0.3–1.5 ms.
  • Demonstrated the ability to resolve rate constants from physical mixing effects.

Conclusions:

  • The PAF-PRO instrument is effective for monitoring rapid reaction progress at multiple positions.
  • The system provides accurate kinetic data for fast and multistep reactions.
  • PAF-PRO offers a valuable tool for advanced chemical kinetics research.