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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Water Output01:26

Regulation of Water Output

The human body predominantly expels water through the urinary system. On average, an individual generates around 1.5 liters of urine each day. This amount can fluctuate based on how well a person is hydrated, but a critical minimum quantity of urine must be produced to ensure the body's proper functioning. Daily, the kidneys remove 600 to 1200 milliosmoles of dissolved substances, effectively excreting excess minerals and water-soluble toxins such as creatinine, urea, and uric acid from the...
Formation of Concentrated Urine01:23

Formation of Concentrated Urine

There is a gradient of solutes in the interstitial fluid from the renal cortex through the medulla, known as the medullary osmotic gradient. The juxtamedullary nephrons establish and maintain this gradient using countercurrent mechanisms with loops extending deep into the medulla. These nephrons also use countercurrent mechanisms to regulate urine volume and concentration. The interaction between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop creates an osmotic gradient through...
Curing Methods01:26

Curing Methods

Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
Formation of Dilute Urine01:20

Formation of Dilute Urine

The formation of dilute urine is a critical renal adaptation that maintains fluid balance, particularly during periods of high fluid intake. This process primarily involves the juxtamedullary nephrons. By adjusting the permeability of water and ions in response to physiological conditions, the kidneys can either conserve or excrete water, resulting in concentrated or dilute urine.
Filtrate Osmolarity in the PCT
Initially, as the filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), its...
Curing of Concrete01:20

Curing of Concrete

The hydration of cement takes place within the water-filled capillary pores. However, environmental elements can disrupt this process by evaporating water from the concrete surfaces. Sealed concrete with a water-cement ratio below 0.5 experiences self-desiccation, leading to water loss. The water loss in concrete is mitigated by curing. This technique involves keeping the concrete saturated to maintain the necessary temperature and moisture conditions, to optimally fill the spaces in the cement...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model
09:31

Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model

Published on: May 20, 2017

How to make the Cassie wetting state stable?

Gene Whyman1, Edward Bormashenko

  • 1Applied Physics Department and Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Engineering, The Research Institute, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Post Office Box 3, Ariel 40700, Israel.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|June 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Designing superhydrophobic surfaces requires maintaining the Cassie state, where air is trapped. This study calculates the potential barrier between Cassie and Wenzel states on rough surfaces, finding multiscaled roughness enhances hydrophobicity.

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Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
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Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets

Published on: May 26, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model
09:31

Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model

Published on: May 20, 2017

Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets
08:46

Methane Hydrate Crystallization on Sessile Water Droplets

Published on: May 26, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Materials science
  • Physics

Background:

  • Understanding surface wetting is crucial for designing advanced materials.
  • The Cassie state (trapped air) and Wenzel state (complete wetting) describe droplet behavior on rough surfaces.
  • Superhydrophobic surfaces rely on maintaining the Cassie state for water repellency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability of the Cassie state on rough surfaces.
  • To calculate the potential energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states for hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces.
  • To identify surface topography features that enhance hydrophobicity.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical calculation of the potential barrier separating Cassie and Wenzel states.
  • Analysis of wetting phenomena on surfaces with varying roughness and material properties (hydrophilic/hydrophobic).
  • Examination of multiscaled roughness and pillar topography effects.

Main Results:

  • Multiscaled roughness on hydrophobic surfaces increases the potential barrier, stabilizing the Cassie state.
  • For hydrophilic surfaces, wetting energy gain is overcome by increased liquid-air interface energy, hindering the Cassie state.
  • Specific surface relief structures favoring enhanced hydrophobicity were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Surface topography, particularly multiscaled roughness, plays a critical role in stabilizing the Cassie state.
  • The findings provide insights into designing surfaces with tunable wetting properties.
  • Understanding these energy barriers is key to developing robust superhydrophobic materials.