Pinus baileyi (section Pinus, Pinaceae) from the Paleogene of Idaho, USA

Pinus baileyi from the Paleogene of Idaho was initially related to the bristlecone pine P. longaeva (subgen. Strobus, sect. Parrya, subsect. Balfourianae) from western North America. Unlike the centromucronate condition in P. longaeva, P. baileyi cones have raised umbos that are excentromucronate, i.e., the mucro positioned in the upper umbo field above the keel. Cone size and scale morphology shows that P. baileyi more closely resembles excentromucronate pines of subsects. Halepenses and Pinus sensu Gernandt et al. (2005, Taxon 54: 29-42), but is most similar to P. resinosa, P. kesiya, and P. massoniana of subsect. Pinus. Morphologically, P. baileyi resembles the fossil species P. princetonensis and P. arnoldii from the Eocene Princeton Chert, British Columbia, Canada. Pinus baileyi extends the western North American range of ovulate cones resembling subsect. Pinus from the middle Eocene of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA to the Oligocene of Idaho, USA. Pinus baileyi, and possibly P. princetonensis and P. arnoldii, indicates the presence of early populations of subsect. Pinus-type pines in the western cordillera of North America, raising the possibility that P. resinosa and P. tropicalis may have evolved from this group.