Electrical nerve stimulation for overactive bladder in children

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a urological condition that is frequently observed in children and requires treatment. Standard urotherapy is usually the first line of treatment; however, children with severe OAB do not respond to this therapy. Antimuscarinic drugs may be used, but complete resolution of symptoms with this medication is low. Studies, including two randomized clinical trials, have demonstrated that electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) can be used successfully for OAB in children. Electrodes have been placed in the genitals, anus, and intravesical area, and on the tibial posterior nerve, as well as used transcutaneously or implanted during a surgical procedure. This Review will discuss the use of ENS in children with OAB, with particular focus on the putative mechanisms of action, the different ENS techniques available, and clinical results for this therapy.