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Related Concept Videos

Impact of Schemas01:30

Impact of Schemas

Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...
Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
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The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the $2,000...
Conformity01:20

Conformity

Conformity is the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if that person does not agree with the group.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

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Published on: August 29, 2018

Source-constrained retrieval influences the encoding of new information.

Stacey L Danckert1, Colin M MacLeod, Myra A Fernandes

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. sdancker@uwaterloo.ca

Memory & Cognition
|June 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

New words are better recognized when presented with deeply encoded items. This memory effect, termed source-constrained retrieval, shows context influences memory, even with different encoding tasks.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research
  • Human Cognition

Background:

  • Prior research demonstrated that new words (foils) are better recognized if presented alongside deeply encoded old words.
  • The original study utilized a levels-of-processing manipulation to establish this effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the robustness and generalizability of the context effect on memory.
  • To provide direct evidence for context-related encoding during retrieval.
  • To determine if the effect is specific to deep encoding judgments.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Replicated the original finding using a deep-versus-shallow imagery encoding task instead of levels of processing.
  • Experiment 2: Investigated context-related encoding by having participants make deep-encoding judgments on foils presented with deeply encoded targets.
  • Experiment 3: Differentiated the effect from general associations by restricting the deep judgment task.

Main Results:

  • The context effect on new word recognition was replicated using an imagery encoding manipulation, demonstrating robustness and generalizability.
  • Enhanced priming for foils occurred when participants performed the same deep-encoding judgments on them as on the deeply encoded targets.
  • The observed effects were specific to the deep judgment task, not a general consequence of association with deeply encoded items.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the source-constrained retrieval hypothesis, indicating that new information is influenced by the encoding and retrieval of surrounding items.
  • A coherent mode of processing for surrounding items is crucial for this contextual influence on memory.
  • Memory retrieval is sensitive to the encoding context, particularly when a consistent processing strategy is employed.