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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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On representation of solids: a note.

Jan B Deregowski1, Roy Allen, Peter McGeorge

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2UB, Scotland, UK. psy022@abdn.ac.uk

Perception
|June 10, 2011
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human perception of 3-D objects challenges geometric facsimile theories. Empirical data reveal inconsistent viewpoints, suggesting current models of object representation are incomplete.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Computer Vision
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Current theories posit 3-D object representations are geometric facsimiles.
  • These theories imply internal consistency across different representational aspects.
  • This assumption underlies many models in artificial intelligence and cognitive science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test the concordance of distinct object views in human representation.
  • To challenge the prevailing geometric facsimile theory of 3-D object representation.
  • To investigate the limitations of current models in fully describing representational processes.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects were presented with 3-D objects and asked to select distinct views.
  • Analysis focused on the mutual concordance and consistency of chosen views.
  • Experimental design controlled for object complexity and viewing conditions.

Main Results:

  • Empirical data demonstrated significant lack of concordance between subjects' chosen views.
  • Inconsistent view selections challenge the assumption of perfect geometric fidelity.
  • Results indicate that human object representation is not a simple facsimile.

Conclusions:

  • The geometric facsimile model is insufficient to fully explain 3-D object representation.
  • Human representational systems may incorporate non-geometric or context-dependent factors.
  • Further research is needed to develop more comprehensive models of object perception.