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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
Diversity of Protists III01:27

Diversity of Protists III

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Evolution of New Traits in Microbes01:24

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Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...
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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...

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Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications
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Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications

Published on: January 19, 2018

Dinoflagellates: a remarkable evolutionary experiment.

Jeremiah D Hackett1, Donald M Anderson, Deana L Erdner

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA;

American Journal of Botany
|June 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dinoflagellates exhibit unique nuclear and plastid genomes, with most plastid genes transferred to the nucleus. This finding challenges previous understanding of organellar genome evolution in these ecologically significant algae.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Dinoflagellates are crucial marine plankton with diverse ecological roles, including symbioses with corals.
  • Their unique genome structure and gene regulation present significant research challenges.
  • Understanding dinoflagellate evolution is aided by their fossil record, though recent studies suggest an older origin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on dinoflagellate ecology, toxin production, and fossil record.
  • To analyze molecular phylogenetics of dinoflagellate hosts and plastids.
  • To discuss gene regulation, transcription, and unique nuclear genome aspects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ecological studies, toxin research, and fossil records.
  • Molecular phylogenetic analysis of host and plastid genomes.
  • Examination of genomic data focusing on nuclear and plastid DNA.

Main Results:

  • Dinoflagellates possess exceptionally large nuclear genomes lacking nucleosomes and having permanently condensed chromosomes.
  • Their plastid genomes are highly reduced, with most genes transferred to the nucleus.
  • This gene transfer makes dinoflagellates unique among eukaryotes in nuclear gene encoding for plastid functions.

Conclusions:

  • The massive transfer of plastid genes to the nucleus is a defining characteristic of dinoflagellate genomes.
  • This phenomenon provides critical insights into the evolution of organellar genomes.
  • Further research on dinoflagellate genomics can illuminate broader evolutionary processes in eukaryotes.