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Dating the Dipsacales: comparing models, genes, and evolutionary implications.

Charles D Bell1, Michael J Donoghue

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA.

American Journal of Botany
|June 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Estimating the evolutionary timing of Dipsacales, a plant group, revealed significant variations based on analytical methods. The study highlights the Cretaceous origin of Dipsacales, with major diversification in the Tertiary period.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Phylogenetics
  • Paleobotany

Background:

  • Dipsacales, an asterid angiosperm clade, comprises approximately 1100 species primarily found in the Northern Hemisphere's temperate regions.
  • Previous phylogenetic analyses provided a robust framework for investigating the evolutionary history and divergence times within Dipsacales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate divergence times for major lineages within the Dipsacales clade using a well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis.
  • To evaluate the impact of different molecular clock methods and calibration strategies on age estimations for Dipsacales.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of 7593 nucleotides of chloroplast DNA to establish evolutionary relationships.
  • Application of relaxed molecular clock methods, including local clocks, nonparametric rate smoothing, penalized likelihood, and Bayesian relaxed clock, to estimate divergence times.
  • Utilized fossil data for calibration, acknowledging the variability in age estimates based on marker choice, codon positions, and analytical approaches.

Main Results:

  • Molecular clock analyses strongly rejected a constant rate of evolution across lineages.
  • Age estimates for Dipsacales varied considerably, with some methods suggesting origins too early and others too recent relative to known fossils.
  • Penalized likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicated a Cretaceous origin for Dipsacales and its major lineages (Adoxaceae, Caprifoliaceae), with subsequent diversification primarily in the Tertiary (Eocene, Miocene) and recent radiations in specific regions.

Conclusions:

  • The study underscores the wide range of divergence times obtainable from different datasets and methodologies, cautioning against over-reliance on single-gene or single-method age estimates.
  • Despite methodological variance, significant conclusions regarding the timing of Dipsacales evolution can be drawn, pointing to a Cretaceous origin and Tertiary diversification.
  • Diversification patterns within Dipsacales, including radiations of Valerianaceae and Dipsacaceae, occurred at different times, with some being relatively recent.