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Modern Molecular Taxonomy01:29

Modern Molecular Taxonomy

Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Multi-locus Variable-number Tandem-repeat Analysis of the Fish-pathogenic Bacterium Yersinia ruckeri by Multiplex PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis
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Multilocus sequence typing of IncN plasmids.

Aurora García-Fernández1, Laura Villa, Arshnee Moodley

  • 1Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.

The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|June 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A new plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST) method rapidly identifies IncN plasmid lineages. This helps track the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes like bla(CTX-M-1) and bla(VIM-1) in humans and animals.

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Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes

Published on: June 19, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Incompatibility group N (IncN) plasmids are key vectors for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene dissemination.
  • Specific IncN plasmids carry critical resistance genes like bla(VIM-1) in humans and bla(CTX-M-1) in animals.
  • Rapid identification of IncN plasmid lineages is crucial for understanding AMR spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST) scheme for IncN plasmids.
  • To rapidly categorize IncN plasmids based on genetic profiles.
  • To investigate the epidemiological links of IncN plasmids carrying specific AMR genes.

Main Methods:

  • In silico analysis of 12 IncN plasmids from GenBank to select pMLST loci (repA, traJ, korA).
  • DNA sequencing of amplicons from 58 IncN plasmids from diverse reservoirs (human, animal) and regions.
  • Classification of plasmids into sequence types (STs) based on allele sequences.

Main Results:

  • Eleven IncN plasmid sequence types (STs) were defined.
  • The bla(CTX-M-1) gene, found in 24/27 plasmids from animals and humans across countries, was predominantly associated with ST1, indicating food chain dissemination.
  • The bla(VIM-1) gene, found in 15/17 plasmids from Greece, was linked to ST10, suggesting the persistence of this lineage.

Conclusions:

  • Plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST) is a rapid and effective method for identifying IncN epidemic plasmid lineages.
  • The spread of bla(CTX-M-1) between humans and animals is linked to a specific epidemic IncN plasmid lineage.
  • The findings highlight the importance of pMLST in tracking AMR gene transmission via plasmids.