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Related Concept Videos

Increased Body Temperature01:25

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in response to an infection or illness.
Types of Fever01:25

Types of Fever

Fever can be triggered by several factors, including infections, nervous system disorders, certain cancers, blood diseases like leukemia, embolism, thrombosis, heatstroke, dehydration, surgical trauma, crushing injuries, and allergic reactions.
Here are the different types of fever:
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute pancreatitis is the sudden inflammation of the pancreas caused by the early activation of digestive enzymes, leading to the autodigestion of pancreatic tissue. This results in local inflammation and, in severe cases, systemic complications.EtiologyUnderstanding the underlying causes is crucial, as identifying the etiology guides treatment and anticipates complications. Acute pancreatitis can be triggered by various factors, typically grouped into the following clinical categories.Biliary...
Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases
03:22

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Published on: March 1, 2024

Pyrexia of unknown origin.

G E Thwaites1

  • 1Specialist Registrar Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Eastern Road, Brighton Sussex, BN2 5BE United Kingdom.

Acute Medicine
|June 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) is a complex fever diagnosis requiring thorough investigation. Early biopsy and advanced imaging like CT scans offer the highest diagnostic yield for persistent cases.

Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Diagnostic Medicine

Background:

  • Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) presents as prolonged fever without a clear cause.
  • Its incidence and etiology are influenced by geography, age, and immune status.
  • Specific definitions exist for immunocompromised individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic strategies for pyrexia of unknown origin.
  • To highlight key investigations for challenging fever cases.
  • To differentiate approaches based on patient immune status.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed patient history and repeated physical examinations are crucial initial steps.
  • Early biopsy of abnormal tissues is recommended.
  • Advanced diagnostics include abdominal computed tomography (CT) and radiolabeled white cell scans.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases
03:22

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Published on: March 1, 2024

Main Results:

  • Abdominal CT scans, radiolabeled white cell scans, and Duke endocarditis criteria show high diagnostic yield.
  • Blind bone marrow biopsy is primarily beneficial for immunocompromised patients.
  • Systematic investigation improves diagnostic success rates for PUO.

Conclusions:

  • A structured approach combining clinical evaluation and targeted investigations is essential for diagnosing PUO.
  • Advanced imaging and specific criteria (e.g., Duke) are vital for persistent cases.
  • Diagnostic strategies should be tailored to individual patient factors, including immune status.