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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow
06:17

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow

Published on: November 6, 2014

Where did bone come from?

Darja Obradovic Wagner1, Per Aspenberg

  • 1Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. darja_obradovic@yahoo.de

Acta Orthopaedica
|June 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone evolution in vertebrates began with skin and throat mineralization, leading to protective structures. Modern genetics and fossil anatomy reveal key milestones and molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal development and its links to skin appendages.

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Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow
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Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Paleontology

Background:

  • Bone is a defining characteristic of vertebrates, originating from mineralization processes.
  • Early bone structures served protective functions and evolved from soft, cartilage-like endoskeletons.
  • The molecular regulation of bone shares similarities with skin appendages, even in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the major evolutionary milestones of the vertebrate skeleton.
  • To describe molecular mechanisms and genetic networks involved in skeletal evolution.
  • To integrate fossil anatomy and modern genetic data for a comprehensive understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of fossil anatomy to reconstruct ancestral skeletal structures.
  • Utilizing genetic information from extant species to infer evolutionary pathways.
  • Reviewing molecular and genetic data on core genetic networks and their interactions.

Main Results:

  • Skeletal evolution traces back to mineralization around the basal membrane of the throat or skin.
  • Fossil and genetic evidence illuminate the transition from cartilage-based structures to mineralized bone.
  • Shared molecular pathways exist between bone development and skin appendage formation.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of bone is a complex process involving key genetic and developmental mechanisms.
  • Understanding skeletal evolution requires integrating diverse data from paleontology and molecular genetics.
  • The study highlights the deep evolutionary connections between different biological structures.