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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

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Telemedicine in anesthesia: an update.

Jorge A Galvez¹, Mohamed A Rehman

¹Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106, USA.

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

|June 11, 2011

Summary

Anesthesiologists can leverage telemedicine to provide remote perioperative consultations, improving access to care in underserved areas. This technology offers cost-effective solutions and enhances patient outcomes through expanded consultation services.

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Health Information Technology
Telemedicine

Background:

Growing economic pressures necessitate cost-effective healthcare delivery models.
Advancements in health IT and broadband enable remote medical services.
Telemedicine presents an attractive option for extending perioperative consultations.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of telemedicine in anesthesiology for remote geographic areas.
To highlight the potential of telemedicine in addressing healthcare access challenges.
To review emerging telemedicine initiatives in anesthesiology.

Main Methods:

Review of current telemedicine initiatives in anesthesiology.
Analysis of applications in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care.
Examination of simulation and educational uses of telemedicine.

Main Results:

Telemedicine services are expanding globally in anesthesiology, covering various perioperative stages.
Remote access to subspecialty expertise benefits physicians in underserved regions.
Reimbursement for telemedicine in anesthesiology is increasing in some US states.

Conclusions:

Anesthesiologists can develop telemedicine programs to enhance patient care delivery.
Current telemedicine programs offer a spectrum of services, from remote evaluations to international consultations.
Telemedicine facilitates educational opportunities and communication system assessments through simulation.