Lipopolysaccharide-induced preconditioning against ischemic injury is associated with changes in toll-like receptor 4...

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning reduces ischemic injury in adult brain by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). We sought to investigate the effect of brain maturity on the efficacy of LPS preconditioning against hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in the developing rat brain. Rat pups at the specified age were randomly assigned to LPS-treated (0.1 mg/kg) or saline-treated groups. HI injury was induced 48 h later by occluding the right common carotid artery followed by transient hypoxia. Brains were removed 1 wk after HI injury, and infarct volumes were compared between the two groups. TLR-4 expression was also compared among different ages. We found that LPS treated P7, P9, and P14 rat pups had significantly smaller infarct volume compared with saline-treated pups (p = 0.006, 0.03, and 0.01, respectively). This significant reduction in infarct volume was not observed in P3 and P5 rats. TLR-4 expression was significantly higher in older rats compared with P3 and P5 rats (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that LPS-induced preconditioning is a robust neuroprotective phenomenon in the ischemic developing brain that is age dependent. Pattern of TLR-4 expression is also affected by brain maturity and likely to be responsible for differences in the efficacy of LPS preconditioning.