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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...

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Epilepsy and menopause.

Tamer Erel¹, Onur Guralp

¹Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Tip Fakultesi Kadin Hastaliklari ve Dogum Anabilim Dali, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.

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|June 11, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) interactions with epilepsy and menopause require careful consideration. Certain HRT formulations may increase seizure frequency, while menopause and anti-epileptic drugs can worsen osteoporosis.

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

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Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

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Published on: May 16, 2019

Area of Science:

Reproductive Endocrinology
Neurology
Pharmacology

Background:

Epilepsy and menopause exhibit complex interactions affecting bone health and seizure control.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can influence seizure frequency, while epilepsy treatments may exacerbate osteoporosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the interactions between epilepsy, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy.
To examine the impact of HRT on seizure frequency and osteoporosis in women with epilepsy.

Main Methods:

An extensive literature search was conducted in major databases (Cochrane, Web of Science, PubMed) from 1970-2010.
Keywords included "epilepsy OR Seizure", "menopause OR osteoporosis", "Anti-epileptic drugs", and "HRT AND epilepsy".

Main Results:

Catamenial epilepsy seizure frequency may rise during perimenopause (hyperestrogenism) and decrease post-menopause.
Osteoporosis and fractures risk increases due to hypoestrogenism and cytochrome P450-inducing anti-epileptic drugs.
Conjugated equine estrogens with medroxyprogesterone acetate may elevate seizure frequency.

Conclusions:

Women with epilepsy may benefit from HRT for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes and sleep disturbances.
Estrogen-only compounds like 17-β-estradiol combined with natural progesterone may be a safer HRT option for women with epilepsy.
Careful HRT selection is crucial to manage menopausal symptoms without increasing seizure risk or negatively impacting bone health in women with epilepsy.