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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Evolution of IL4 and pathogen antagonism.

Meenu R Pillai1, Mark Bix

  • 1Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.

Growth Factors (Chur, Switzerland)
|June 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-4 (IL4) evolved over 100 million years, facing selective pressures from parasitic worms. This cytokine diversified to evade antagonists while maintaining receptor binding for host protection.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Interleukin-4 (IL4) is a key cytokine in host defense against gastrointestinal nematodes.
  • IL4 exhibits pleiotropic functions crucial for immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structure, function, and evolutionary history of Interleukin-4 (IL4).
  • To explore the evolutionary pressures, particularly antagonistic interactions, that shaped IL4 diversification.
  • To investigate the potential role of parasitic worm antagonists in IL4 evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on IL4.
  • Analysis of evolutionary patterns of IL4 across eutherian mammals.
  • Hypothesis-driven interpretation of selective pressures on IL4.

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Main Results:

  • IL4 has undergone multiple episodes of positive selection during 100 million years of eutherian evolution.
  • Evidence suggests IL4 evolved under selective pressure from pathogen-derived antagonists.
  • Diversification of IL4 appears to be a mechanism to escape antagonism while preserving receptor binding.

Conclusions:

  • IL4 evolution is characterized by adaptation to counter parasitic antagonists.
  • Ancient conflicts with worm-derived antagonists likely drove IL4 diversification.
  • Contemporary gastrointestinal nematodes may still possess IL4 antagonists, reflecting this evolutionary arms race.