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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes

Consider a component AB undergoing a linear motion. Along with a linear motion, point B also rotates around point A. To comprehend this complex movement, position vectors for both points A and B are established using a stationary reference frame.
However, to express the relative position of point B relative to point A, an additional frame of reference, denoted as x'y', is necessary. This additional frame not only translates but also rotates relative to the fixed frame, making it instrumental in...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Assessing dynamic knee joint range of motion using siliconcoach.

John Cronin¹, Michelle Nash, Chris Whatman

¹School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia; Institute of Sport & Recreation Research New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1020, New Zealand.

Physical Therapy in Sport : Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine

|June 14, 2011

Summary

The siliconCOACH system reliably measures dynamic range of motion (ROM) in the knee joint. This motion analysis system offers a stable and effective method for assessing knee ROM in clinical settings.

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Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Kinesiology
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Dynamic range of motion (ROM) assessment is under-researched compared to static ROM.
Reliable measurement tools are crucial for evaluating interventions affecting joint mobility.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the test-retest reliability of the siliconCOACH motion analysis system for dynamic knee ROM.
To compare dynamic ROM measurements with static ROM using the same system.

Main Methods:

Test-retest reliability study conducted in a laboratory setting.
Ten male participants with limited knee extension were assessed over four separate occasions.
Static and dynamic knee ROM were measured using video analysis and siliconCOACH software.

Main Results:

Minimal variation (CV < 2.1%) was observed between testing days for both static and dynamic ROM.
High intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC ≥ 0.89) indicated excellent test-retest reliability for both methods.
No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between static and dynamic ROM measurements on any given day.

Conclusions:

The siliconCOACH system demonstrates high stability and reliability for assessing dynamic knee ROM.
This software provides a functional, cost-effective method for practitioners to evaluate ROM changes.
The findings support the use of siliconCOACH for assessing the effects of interventions on knee joint ROM.