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Related Concept Videos

MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening
11:13

Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening

Published on: August 29, 2015

Gene regulation by MAPK substrate competition.

Yoosik Kim1, María José Andreu, Bomyi Lim

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA.

Developmental Cell
|June 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing tissues use complex signaling networks for pattern formation. This study reveals a novel mechanism involving a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) enzymatic network and substrate competition in Drosophila embryos, integrating multiple patterning systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Tissue patterning relies on integrated signaling systems.
  • Signal integration often involves gene regulatory elements or transcription factors.
  • Previous mechanisms did not fully explain complex patterning interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate a novel signal integration mechanism in early Drosophila development.
  • To investigate the role of the MAPK pathway in integrating patterning signals.
  • To model the interaction of anterior, dorsoventral, and terminal patterning systems.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic experiments in early Drosophila embryos.
  • High-resolution imaging techniques.
  • Development of a mathematical model for signal interaction.

Main Results:

  • Identified a MAPK enzymatic network integrating patterning signals.
  • Demonstrated MAPK substrate competition involving Bicoid and Capicua.
  • Showcased how this mechanism enables ternary interactions between patterning systems.
  • Mathematical model accurately predicted gene expression patterns.

Conclusions:

  • The MAPK network and substrate competition offer a new model for signal integration in development.
  • This mechanism explains the integration of anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning.
  • Provides a framework for understanding complex developmental patterning.