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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
06:06

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Published on: July 22, 2021

Osteoarthritis.

Lucy Busija1, Lisa Bridgett, Sean R M Williams

  • 1Population Health and Macular Research Units, Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia. lbusija@unimelb.edu.au

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
|June 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoarthritis prevalence varies globally, but hip and knee osteoarthritis significantly burden populations, especially older adults. Further research is needed to identify risk factors for this common joint disease.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

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Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis
07:51

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis

Published on: October 20, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Rheumatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) prevalence estimates vary widely internationally.
  • Lack of a standardized "gold standard" for OA case identification complicates epidemiological studies.
  • OA prevalence increases with age, with hip and knee joints bearing the greatest disease burden.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the variability in OA prevalence estimates.
  • To emphasize the significant burden of hip and knee OA.
  • To call for the identification of modifiable risk factors for OA incidence and progression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of international population-based studies on osteoarthritis prevalence.
  • Analysis of factors influencing prevalence estimates (age, sex, case identification methods, joint specificity).

Main Results:

  • Consistent positive association between OA prevalence and increasing age globally.
  • Hip and knee joints are disproportionately affected, contributing most to disease burden.
  • Significant variability exists in OA prevalence data due to methodological differences.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate estimation of hip and knee OA burden requires comprehensive morbidity accounting.
  • Identifying modifiable risk factors is crucial for managing OA incidence and progression.
  • Standardized methods for OA case identification in epidemiological studies are needed.