On the inference of function from structure using biomechanical modelling and simulation of extinct organisms

Area of Science:

• Paleontology
• Biomechanics
• Computational Biology

Background:

• Biomechanical modeling and simulation offer potential for studying extinct organisms' structure-function relationships.
• However, inherent complexity and unknown parameters for fossil taxa present significant limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the critical role of validation and sensitivity analysis in biomechanical modeling.
• To discuss investigator-dependent factors influencing model design and interpretation.

Main Methods:

• Review of biomechanical modeling and simulation techniques.
• Discussion of validation and sensitivity analysis as key assessment tools.
• Exploration of investigator subjectivity and attitudes towards modeling.

Main Results:

• Validation and sensitivity analysis are indispensable for quantifying model accuracy and reliability.
• Investigator judgments on model simplicity/complexity and handling of uncertainty significantly impact outcomes.
• A spectrum of investigator attitudes, from credulity to nihilism, affects modeling practices.

Conclusions:

• Biomechanical modeling requires more data and rigorous methodological testing to mature.
• Building confidence in inferences from biomechanical models necessitates addressing complexity, uncertainty, and investigator bias.